IHPST Review History & Philosophy of Science and Technology

IHPST Review

History & Philosophy of Science and Technology

Latest Articles

Authorized Origins: The Philosophical Cost of What American Science Textbooks Chose to Forget
History of Ideas

Authorized Origins: The Philosophical Cost of What American Science Textbooks Chose to Forget

For much of the twentieth century, American science textbooks did not merely teach facts—they constructed a particular genealogy of legitimate inquiry, one that routed all credible knowledge through European and North American institutions. The philosophical consequences of that construction persist in how students today understand who counts as a knower and which traditions count as science. This essay examines the curricular architecture that made such exclusions feel natural, even inevitable.
Enclosing the Scientific Commons: How Patent Expansion Turned Fundamental Research into a Credentialed Marketplace
Philosophy of Science

Enclosing the Scientific Commons: How Patent Expansion Turned Fundamental Research into a Credentialed Marketplace

Since the passage of the Bayh-Dole Act in 1980, the boundary between proprietary invention and open scientific inquiry has eroded in ways that carry profound epistemological consequences. Licensing regimes originally conceived to accelerate the translation of federally funded discoveries into commercial products have instead constructed a tiered system of knowledge access that systematically disadvantages under-resourced institutions. This article argues that the philosophical stakes of intellec
Epistemic Equity and the Price of Proof: How Reproducibility Became a Privilege
Philosophy of Science

Epistemic Equity and the Price of Proof: How Reproducibility Became a Privilege

The infrastructure required to make scientific findings verifiable—open data repositories, replication studies, computational auditing—carries costs that not all research institutions can absorb equally. This disparity has produced a quietly stratified knowledge system in which epistemic credibility tracks institutional wealth rather than methodological soundness alone. Examining this structural asymmetry raises unsettling questions about whether scientific verification, as currently practiced,

From Bench to Cloud: The Epistemological Stakes of Digital Scientific Record-Keeping
Philosophy of Science

From Bench to Cloud: The Epistemological Stakes of Digital Scientific Record-Keeping

The migration of laboratory notebooks from paper to cloud-based platforms is not merely a technological convenience but a fundamental reorganization of how scientific evidence is constituted, controlled, and remembered. As algorithmic systems assume responsibility for archiving experimental data, the philosophical assumptions embedded in their design quietly reshape which discoveries endure and which dissolve into inaccessibility. This article examines the epistemological and institutional conse
Procedures as Pedagogy: The Epistemological Authority of the Laboratory Manual in American Scientific Training
History of Ideas

Procedures as Pedagogy: The Epistemological Authority of the Laboratory Manual in American Scientific Training

Laboratory manuals and the embodied traditions of scientific apprenticeship have exerted a formative influence on how scientists learn to think, measure, and reproduce results—yet these instructional artifacts remain conspicuously marginal in the historiography of science. This article examines the epistemological weight of procedural knowledge, arguing that the codified steps in a laboratory manual function not merely as technical instruction but as a hidden curriculum that determines what coun
Behind Closed Doors: How Industrial Secrecy Dismantled the Foundations of Scientific Verification
History of Ideas

Behind Closed Doors: How Industrial Secrecy Dismantled the Foundations of Scientific Verification

When private corporations assumed dominance over scientific research across the twentieth century, they imported with them a culture of proprietary control fundamentally at odds with the open verification principles that had long defined scientific legitimacy. The consequences—structural barriers to independent replication, eroded public trust, and contested definitions of what constitutes credible knowledge—remain deeply embedded in contemporary scientific practice. This article traces that tra
Proprietary Darkness: Actuarial Science and the Invention of Justified Opacity
History of Ideas

Proprietary Darkness: Actuarial Science and the Invention of Justified Opacity

Long before machine learning algorithms became synonymous with inscrutability, nineteenth-century insurance actuaries constructed statistical models they deliberately shielded from public scrutiny under the banner of competitive necessity. Tracing this lineage reveals that the 'black box' problem animating contemporary debates over artificial intelligence is not a novel artifact of computational complexity, but rather an inherited business philosophy with roots in Victorian-era commercial practi
Fisher's Threshold and the Architecture of Unreliable Knowledge: A Philosophical Reckoning with Statistical Gatekeeping
Philosophy of Science

Fisher's Threshold and the Architecture of Unreliable Knowledge: A Philosophical Reckoning with Statistical Gatekeeping

The near-universal adoption of the p < 0.05 threshold as the arbiter of scientific credibility was never a philosophically neutral act. Tracing the frequentist revolution inaugurated by Ronald Fisher through the institutional machinery of modern research funding and publication, this article examines how a provisional statistical heuristic hardened into an epistemological dogma—one that has systematically rewarded the production of unreliable findings while punishing the honest acknowledgment of
Spectacle and Skepticism: The Theatrical Roots of Scientific Authority
History of Ideas

Spectacle and Skepticism: The Theatrical Roots of Scientific Authority

From the candlelit demonstrations of the early Royal Society to the polished visual grammar of televised science programming, the public presentation of scientific knowledge has always carried a performative dimension. This theatrical heritage has done as much to shape public distrust as it has to cultivate credibility, leaving contemporary science communicators to manage an epistemological debt centuries in the making.
When Precision Becomes a Blindfold: Methodological Rigor and the Suppression of Scientific Discovery
Philosophy of Science

When Precision Becomes a Blindfold: Methodological Rigor and the Suppression of Scientific Discovery

The modern scientific enterprise prizes procedural exactitude above nearly all other virtues, yet that very exactitude may be systematically filtering out the unexpected findings that have historically driven the most consequential advances. Examining case studies from psychology, clinical medicine, and high-energy physics, this article argues that the formalization of scientific method carries an underappreciated epistemic cost. The protocols designed to guarantee truth may, under certain condi
Proprietary Knowledge: How Patent Law Remakes the Boundaries of Scientific Inquiry
History of Ideas

Proprietary Knowledge: How Patent Law Remakes the Boundaries of Scientific Inquiry

Intellectual property regimes have long intersected with the production of scientific knowledge, but the scale and sophistication of that intersection in the twenty-first century raises questions that earlier generations of philosophers of science were not equipped to address. This article examines how patent law, trade secrecy, and proprietary data agreements alter not merely the distribution of scientific findings but their very character—transforming knowledge-making from a communal epistemic
The Automation That Never Arrived: Cold War Futurism, Technological Determinism, and the Limits of Prediction
Philosophy of Science

The Automation That Never Arrived: Cold War Futurism, Technological Determinism, and the Limits of Prediction

Midcentury American forecasters—engineers, futurists, and science fiction writers alike—constructed elaborate visions of daily life in the early 21st century, and nearly all of them were wrong in the same direction: they drastically underestimated the resilience and adaptability of human social arrangements. Examining where these predictions failed illuminates the philosophical assumptions embedded in technological determinism, a framework that continues to distort how we think about emerging te
Standardization's Shadow: How the Victorian Quest for Scientific Order Planted the Seeds of the Replication Crisis
History of Ideas

Standardization's Shadow: How the Victorian Quest for Scientific Order Planted the Seeds of the Replication Crisis

The 19th century's ambitious project to codify scientific methodology represented one of modernity's great intellectual achievements—yet it embedded structural assumptions that now haunt fields from psychology to biomedicine. Tracing the genealogy of today's replication crisis reveals not a failure of individual researchers, but a deeper tension between the desire for procedural uniformity and the irreducible complexity of natural phenomena. The problem, it turns out, was always partly methodolo
The Witness in the Cabinet: How Scientific Instruments Construct the Stories Science Tells
Philosophy of Science

The Witness in the Cabinet: How Scientific Instruments Construct the Stories Science Tells

Scientific instruments are rarely treated as protagonists in the history of ideas, yet every device that has ever mediated between a researcher and the natural world carries within its design a set of assumptions about what counts as evidence, what phenomena are worth attending to, and how findings should be interpreted. This article argues that taking instrument design seriously as a form of embedded argument transforms our understanding of scientific objectivity.
Lines of Power: Cartography, Colonial Science, and the Politics of the Drawn World
History of Ideas

Lines of Power: Cartography, Colonial Science, and the Politics of the Drawn World

From the portolan charts of medieval sailors to the satellite-rendered grids of contemporary GIS, maps have never been merely descriptive instruments. They are arguments—about territory, authority, and whose knowledge counts. This article traces how mapmaking became entangled with scientific legitimacy and the epistemological exclusions that followed.
Uncertainty as Inheritance: Measurement Theory, Quantum Limits, and the Interpretability Crisis in Artificial Intelligence
Philosophy of Science

Uncertainty as Inheritance: Measurement Theory, Quantum Limits, and the Interpretability Crisis in Artificial Intelligence

Long before the first neural network was trained, physicists grappling with quantum phenomena discovered something unsettling: the act of observation irrevocably alters what is observed. Today, as researchers struggle to peer inside large-scale AI systems, that same epistemological wall has reappeared in a new form—and its implications for claims of algorithmic transparency deserve serious philosophical scrutiny.
Hands Erased from the Record: Artisans, Instrument-Makers, and the Epistemological Exclusions of Early Modern Science
History of Ideas

Hands Erased from the Record: Artisans, Instrument-Makers, and the Epistemological Exclusions of Early Modern Science

The scientific revolution produced canonical heroes—Galileo, Newton, Boyle—whose theoretical achievements reshaped Western knowledge. Yet behind each celebrated discovery stood workshops populated by glass-grinders, brass-workers, and instrument-makers whose innovations were indispensable to the science they enabled. Recovering their erased contributions reveals not simply a corrective footnote to history, but a foundational hierarchy of knowledge whose consequences continue to structure how con
Opaque Oracles: What Ancient Divination Reveals About the Crisis of Algorithmic Trust
History of Ideas

Opaque Oracles: What Ancient Divination Reveals About the Crisis of Algorithmic Trust

Long before neural networks rendered decisions invisible, human societies constructed elaborate frameworks for trusting systems whose inner workings they could not fully observe. Examining oracular traditions from the I Ching to the Delphic sanctuary and Islamic jurisprudence, this article argues that the contemporary crisis of machine learning interpretability is not a novel predicament but a recurrence of a deeply human epistemological dilemma. Understanding how pre-modern cultures legitimized
The Unheralded Cassandras: Industrial-Era Thinkers Who Foresaw the Age of Automation
Philosophy of Science

The Unheralded Cassandras: Industrial-Era Thinkers Who Foresaw the Age of Automation

The standard intellectual genealogy of Silicon Valley tends to begin with Turing, Shannon, and von Neumann, passing swiftly over a century of earlier thinkers who had already mapped the social terrain that digital automation would eventually transform. This article recovers a set of nineteenth- and early twentieth-century technophilosophers—figures marginalized by gender, class, geography, or ideological inconvenience—whose analyses of mechanization anticipated job displacement, surveillance cap
Scholastic Shadows in Silicon: The Medieval Roots of Machine Ethics
History of Ideas

Scholastic Shadows in Silicon: The Medieval Roots of Machine Ethics

Long before the first transistor was etched onto a wafer, medieval philosophers were wrestling with questions that now sit at the center of artificial intelligence ethics. The debates of Aquinas, Ockham, and their contemporaries over causality, rational agency, and the limits of human knowledge were not merely theological exercises—they were early attempts to define what it means to reason, and who or what is entitled to do so. Tracing this philosophical lineage reveals that the anxieties surrou